Add Safe-Linking to fastbins and tcache

  Safe-Linking is a security mechanism that protects single-linked
lists (such as the fastbin and tcache) from being tampered by attackers.
The mechanism makes use of randomness from ASLR (mmap_base), and
when combined with chunk alignment integrity checks, it protects the
pointers from being hijacked by an attacker.

While Safe-Unlinking protects double-linked lists (such as the small
bins), there wasn't any similar protection for attacks against
single-linked lists. This solution protects against 3 common attacks:
  * Partial pointer override: modifies the lower bytes (Little Endian)
  * Full pointer override: hijacks the pointer to an attacker's location
  * Unaligned chunks: pointing the list to an unaligned address

The design assumes an attacker doesn't know where the heap is located,
and uses the ASLR randomness to "sign" the single-linked pointers. We
mark the pointer as P and the location in which it is stored as L, and
the calculation will be:
  * PROTECT(P) := (L >> PAGE_SHIFT) XOR (P)
  * *L = PROTECT(P)

This way, the random bits from the address L (which start at the bit
in the PAGE_SHIFT position), will be merged with LSB of the stored
protected pointer. This protection layer prevents an attacker from
modifying the pointer into a controlled value.

An additional check that the chunks are MALLOC_ALIGNed adds an
important layer:
  * Attackers can't point to illegal (unaligned) memory addresses
  * Attackers must guess correctly the alignment bits

On standard 32 bit Linux machines, an attack will directly fail 7
out of 8 times, and on 64 bit machines it will fail 15 out of 16
times.

This proposed patch was benchmarked and it's effect on the overall
performance of the heap was negligible and couldn't be distinguished
from the default variance between tests on the vanilla version. A
similar protection was added to Chromium's version of TCMalloc
in 2013, and according to their documentation it had an overhead of
less than 2%.

For more information, please read out White Paper which can be
found here:
https://github.com/gperftools/gperftools/files/4023520/Safe-Linking-White-Paper.txt

---
 malloc/malloc.c | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

 /*
   REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES should be set if a call to
@@ -2157,12 +2166,14 @@ do_check_malloc_state (mstate av)

       while (p != 0)
         {
+          if (__glibc_unlikely(!aligned_OK(p)))
+            malloc_printerr ("do_check_malloc_state(): un-aligned
fastbin chunk detected");
           /* each chunk claims to be inuse */
           do_check_inuse_chunk (av, p);
           total += chunksize (p);
           /* chunk belongs in this bin */
           assert (fastbin_index (chunksize (p)) == i);
-          p = p->fd;
+          p = REVEAL_PTR(&p->fd, p->fd, mchunkptr);
         }
     }

@@ -2923,7 +2934,7 @@ tcache_put (mchunkptr chunk, size_t tc_idx)
      detect a double free.  */
   e->key = tcache;

-  e->next = tcache->entries[tc_idx];
+  e->next = PROTECT_PTR(&e->next, tcache->entries[tc_idx], tcache_entry *);
   tcache->entries[tc_idx] = e;
   ++(tcache->counts[tc_idx]);
 }
@@ -2934,9 +2945,11 @@ static __always_inline void *
 tcache_get (size_t tc_idx)
 {
   tcache_entry *e = tcache->entries[tc_idx];
-  tcache->entries[tc_idx] = e->next;
+  tcache->entries[tc_idx] = REVEAL_PTR(&e->next, e->next, tcache_entry *);
   --(tcache->counts[tc_idx]);
   e->key = NULL;
+  if (__glibc_unlikely(!aligned_OK(e)))
+    malloc_printerr ("malloc(): un-aligned tcache chunk detected");
   return (void *) e;
 }

@@ -2960,7 +2973,9 @@ tcache_thread_shutdown (void)
       while (tcache_tmp->entries[i])
  {
    tcache_entry *e = tcache_tmp->entries[i];
-   tcache_tmp->entries[i] = e->next;
+      if (__glibc_unlikely(!aligned_OK(e)))
+        malloc_printerr ("tcache_thread_shutdown(): un-aligned tcache
chunk detected");
+   tcache_tmp->entries[i] = REVEAL_PTR(&e->next, e->next, tcache_entry *);
    __libc_free (e);
  }
     }
@@ -3570,8 +3585,11 @@ _int_malloc (mstate av, size_t bytes)
       victim = pp; \
       if (victim == NULL) \
  break; \
+      pp = REVEAL_PTR(&victim->fd, victim->fd, mfastbinptr);             \
+      if (__glibc_unlikely(!aligned_OK(pp)))                             \
+        malloc_printerr ("malloc(): un-aligned fastbin chunk detected"); \
     } \
-  while ((pp = catomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq (fb, victim->fd, victim)) \
+  while ((pp = catomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq (fb, pp, victim)) \
  != victim); \

   if ((unsigned long) (nb) <= (unsigned long) (get_max_fast ()))
@@ -3583,8 +3601,11 @@ _int_malloc (mstate av, size_t bytes)

       if (victim != NULL)
  {
+      if (__glibc_unlikely(!aligned_OK(victim)))
+        malloc_printerr ("malloc(): un-aligned fastbin chunk detected");
+
    if (SINGLE_THREAD_P)
-     *fb = victim->fd;
+     *fb = REVEAL_PTR(&victim->fd, victim->fd, mfastbinptr);
    else
      REMOVE_FB (fb, pp, victim);
    if (__glibc_likely (victim != NULL))
@@ -3605,8 +3626,10 @@ _int_malloc (mstate av, size_t bytes)
    while (tcache->counts[tc_idx] < mp_.tcache_count
  && (tc_victim = *fb) != NULL)
      {
+       if (__glibc_unlikely(!aligned_OK(tc_victim)))
+         malloc_printerr ("malloc(): un-aligned fastbin chunk detected");
        if (SINGLE_THREAD_P)
- *fb = tc_victim->fd;
+ *fb = REVEAL_PTR(&tc_victim->fd, tc_victim->fd, mfastbinptr);
        else
  {
    REMOVE_FB (fb, pp, tc_victim);
@@ -4196,11 +4219,15 @@ _int_free (mstate av, mchunkptr p, int have_lock)
      LIBC_PROBE (memory_tcache_double_free, 2, e, tc_idx);
      for (tmp = tcache->entries[tc_idx];
  tmp;
- tmp = tmp->next)
+ tmp = REVEAL_PTR(&tmp->next, tmp->next, tcache_entry *))
+        {
+       if (__glibc_unlikely(!aligned_OK(tmp)))
+ malloc_printerr ("free(): un-aligned chunk detected in tcache 2");
        if (tmp == e)
  malloc_printerr ("free(): double free detected in tcache 2");
      /* If we get here, it was a coincidence.  We've wasted a
         few cycles, but don't abort.  */
+        }
    }

  if (tcache->counts[tc_idx] < mp_.tcache_count)
@@ -4264,7 +4291,7 @@ _int_free (mstate av, mchunkptr p, int have_lock)
     add (i.e., double free).  */
  if (__builtin_expect (old == p, 0))
    malloc_printerr ("double free or corruption (fasttop)");
- p->fd = old;
+ p->fd = PROTECT_PTR(&p->fd, old, mchunkptr);
  *fb = p;
       }
     else
@@ -4274,7 +4301,8 @@ _int_free (mstate av, mchunkptr p, int have_lock)
       add (i.e., double free).  */
    if (__builtin_expect (old == p, 0))
      malloc_printerr ("double free or corruption (fasttop)");
-   p->fd = old2 = old;
+   old2 = old;
+   p->fd = PROTECT_PTR(&p->fd, old, mchunkptr);
  }
       while ((old = catomic_compare_and_exchange_val_rel (fb, p, old2))
       != old2);
@@ -4472,13 +4500,16 @@ static void malloc_consolidate(mstate av)
     if (p != 0) {
       do {
  {
+   if (__glibc_unlikely(!aligned_OK(p)))
+     malloc_printerr ("malloc_consolidate(): un-aligned fastbin chunk
detected");
+
    unsigned int idx = fastbin_index (chunksize (p));
    if ((&fastbin (av, idx)) != fb)
      malloc_printerr ("malloc_consolidate(): invalid chunk size");
  }

  check_inuse_chunk(av, p);
- nextp = p->fd;
+ nextp = REVEAL_PTR(&p->fd, p->fd, mchunkptr);

  /* Slightly streamlined version of consolidation code in free() */
  size = chunksize (p);
@@ -4896,8 +4927,10 @@ int_mallinfo (mstate av, struct mallinfo *m)

   for (i = 0; i < NFASTBINS; ++i)
     {
-      for (p = fastbin (av, i); p != 0; p = p->fd)
+      for (p = fastbin (av, i); p != 0; p = REVEAL_PTR(&p->fd, p->fd,
mchunkptr))
         {
+          if (__glibc_unlikely(!aligned_OK(p)))
+            malloc_printerr ("int_mallinfo(): un-aligned fastbin
chunk detected");
           ++nfastblocks;
           fastavail += chunksize (p);
         }
@@ -5437,8 +5470,10 @@ __malloc_info (int options, FILE *fp)

        while (p != NULL)
  {
+          if (__glibc_unlikely(!aligned_OK(p)))
+            malloc_printerr ("__malloc_info(): un-aligned fastbin
chunk detected");
    ++nthissize;
-   p = p->fd;
+   p = REVEAL_PTR(&p->fd, p->fd, mchunkptr);
  }

        fastavail += nthissize * thissize;
  

Add Safe-Linking to fastbins and tcache

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